منابع مشابه
Environmental Issues in Thyroid Diseases
Environmental factors are determinant for the appearance of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) in susceptible subjects. Increased iodine intake, selenium, and vitamin D deficiency, exposure to radiation, from nuclear fallout or due to medical radiation, are environmental factors increasing AITD. Cigarette smoking is associated with Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy, while it decreases ...
متن کاملThyroid diseases during pregnancy: a number of important issues.
The most common thyroid diseases during pregnancy are hyper- and hypothyroidism and their variants including isolated hypothyroxinemia (hypo-T4), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and different types of goiter. AITD represents the main cause of hypothyroidism during pregnancy ranging in prevalence between 5 and 20% with an average of 7.8%. The incidence of isolated hypo-T4 is about 150 times hi...
متن کاملGeopolitics and Environmental Issues in the Caspian Sea
Nowadays, a noticeable part of the relations among the states turn around the environment protection. Therefore, the right for ever-creasing use of the existing resources of this inland sea cannot be exclusive to any Caspian State and the aftermath involves all countries of this basin. In this respect, agreement on political border and boundaries with the Caspian Sea?s ecosystem is a difficul...
متن کاملAnemia in thyroid diseases
352 Epidemiology Both anemia and thyroid dysfunction are common disorders.4-6 The peak incidence of anemia is around 10% in the female population of child-bearing age, as well as in the elderly population.7,8 A recent large cohort population-based study demonstrated that in the population at an estimated mean age of 59.4 years, the prevalence of thyroid function disturbances was 5.0%, while ane...
متن کاملEnvironmental Issues in Russia
This review examines the literature available on the state of the environment and environmental protection in the Russian Federation. As the largest country on Earth, rich in natural resources and biodiversity, Russia’s problems and policies have global consequences. Environmental quality and management are influenced by the legacy of Soviet economic planning and authoritarian governance, as we...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Endocrinology
سال: 2017
ISSN: 1664-2392
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00050